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Introducción: El consumo alimentario adecuado es esencial durante crecimiento del lactante. Objetivo: Describir los hábitos alimentarios y analizar su efecto sobre el desarrollo físico y neuroconductual del niño pequeño. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal en 154 recién nacidos seguidos hasta los 30 meses. Variables: historia clínica, antropometría, lactancia, consumo (método de R24h), estado de hierro (hemoglobina y ferritina sérica) y desarrollo neurológico (Escala Bayley), adecuación del aporte nutricional de las fórmulas infantiles comercializadas. Resultados: Las fórmulas de inicio superan las recomendaciones de retinol, vitamina E, C, vitaminas del grupo B y folatos; y las de continuación, las de vitamina B12. El excesivo consumo de carne, leche y pescado se relaciona con un exceso de proteínas, que contrasta con una alta ingesta inadecuada de vitamina D. La lactancia materna aporta una adecuada cantidad de energía y nutrientes, excepto de vitamina D y hierro, pero se asocia a un mejor desarrollo psicomotor, el cual se ve favorecido por los buenos niveles de hemoglobina. La mayor ingesta de azúcares libres a los 12 meses se asocia a un mayor riesgo de exceso de peso a los 30 meses. Conclusiones: Convendría revisar el aporte de micronutrientes de las fórmulas infantiles, adecuar el aporte de proteínas y de azúcares libres durante la alimentación complementaria, así como planificar estrategias para evitar la deficiencia de vitamina D ya desde la edad infantil; y continuar con la promoción de la lactancia materna. Introducció: El consum alimentari adequat és essencial durant el creixement de lactant. Objectiu: Descriure els hàbits alimentaris i analitzar el seu efecte sobre el desenvolupament físic i neuroconductual del nen petit. Mètodes: Estudi longitudinal en 154 nounats seguits fins als 30 mesos. Variables: història clínica, antropometria, lactància, consum (mètode de R24h), estat de ferro (hemoglobina i ferritina sèrica) i desenvolupament neurològic (Escala Bayley), adequació de l'aportació nutricional de les fórmules infantils comercialitzades. Resultats: Les fórmules d'inici superen les recomanacions de retinol, vitamina E, C, vitamines del grup B i folats; i les de continuació, les de vitamina B12. L'excés de consum de carn, llet i peix es relaciona amb un excés de proteïnes, que contrasta amb una elevada ingesta inadequada de vitamina D. La lactància materna aporta una adequada quantitat d'energia i nutrients, excepte de vitamina D i ferro, però s'associa a un millor desenvolupament psicomotor, afavorit pels bons nivells d'hemoglobina. La major ingesta de sucres lliures als 12 mesos s'associa a un major risc d'excés de pes als 30 mesos. Conclusions: Convindria revisar l'aportació de micronutrients de les fórmules infantils, adequar l'aportació de proteïnes i sucres lliures durant l'alimentació complementària, així com planificar estratègies per evitar la deficiència de vitamina D ja des de l'edat infantil; i continuar amb la promoció de la lactància materna. Introduction: Adequate dietary intake is essential during infant growth. Objective: Describe eating habits and analyze their effect on the physical and neuro-behavioral development of the toddler. Methods: Longitudinal study in 154 newborns followed up to 30 months. Variables: clinical history, anthropometry, lactation, consumption (R24h method), iron status (hemoglobin and serum ferritin) and neurological development (Bayley Scale), adaptation of the nutritional contribution of the infant formulas marketed. Results: Infant formulas outweigh the recommendations of retinol, vitamin E, C, B group vitamins and folates; and those of follow-on formulas, those of vitamin B12. The excessive consumption of meat, milk and fish is related to an excess of protein, which contrasts with a high inadequate intake of vitamin D. Breastfeeding provides an adequate amount of energy and nutrients, except vitamin D and iron, but it is associated to a better psychomotor development, which is favored by the good levels of hemoglobin. The greatest free sugar intake at 12 months is associated with an increased risk of overweight at 30 months. Conclusions: The contribution of micronutrients in infant formulas should be reviewed, appropriate protein and free sugars should be provided during complementary feeding, as well as strategies to avoid vitamin D deficiency since childhood; and continue with the promotion of breastfeeding.

In this paper we study the complexity of a functional data set drawn from particular processes by means of a two-step approach. The first step considers a new graphical tool for assessing to which family the data belong: the main aim is to detect whether a sample comes from a monomial or an exponential family. This first tool is based on a nonparametric kNN estimation of small ball probability. Once the family is specified, the second step consists in evaluating the extent of complexity by estimating some specific indexes related to the assigned family. It turns out that the developed methodology is fully free from assumptions on model, distribution as well as dominating measure. Computational issues are carried out by means of simulations and finally the method is applied to analyse some financial real curves dataset.

This article aims to analyze the different impact that some factors may exert on the probability that a small young firm invests intensively in R&D. Recently, an increasing amount of the literature makes reference to the vital role played by a small number of young firms in generating jobs and increasing efficiency levels. However, not all new firms invest in R&D. Departing from the definition of YICs (firms younger than 6 years old, fewer than 250 employees and with more than 15% of their revenues invested in R&D activities), and with an extensive sample of the Spanish Community Innovation Survey between 2004- 2010, we try to determine: i) those factors that cause firms to become YICs (innovative young small firms) or YNICs (moderately innovative young small firms); ii) what is the difference in the impact of those factors between YICs and YNICs. Our results show that factors such as initial innovation capacity and cooperation in R&D projects enhance the probability of becoming a YIC. Nevertheless, factors such as export potential and market uncertainty may influence the decision to invest moderately and become a YNIC. Keywords: Innovation, Policy, YICs. JEL Classifications: O31, D21

AbstractA large library of pyranoside‐based hydroxyamide and thioamide ligands has been synthesized for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation in an attempt to expand the scope of the substrates to cover a broader range of challenging heteroaromatic and aryl/fluoroalkyl ketones. These ligands have the advantage that they are prepared from commercial D‐glucose, D‐glucosamine and α‐amino acids, inexpensive natural chiral feedstocks. By carefully selecting the ligand components (substituents/configurations at the amide/thioamide moiety, the position of amide/thioamide group and the configuration at C‐2), we found that pyranoside‐based thioamide ligands provided excellent enantioselectivities (in the best cases, ees of >99% were achieved) in a broad range of ketones, including the less studied heteroaromatics and challenging aryl/fluoroalkyls. Note that both enantiomers of the reduction products can be obtained with excellent enantioselectivities by simply changing the absolute configuration of the thioamide substituent.magnified image

Desde la Década del Cerebro de los años 1990, un «giro neurocientífico» afecta al mundo contemporáneo a escala global. La neurociencia parece imponerse como la mejor manera de entender al ser humano y promete proporcionar la clave de los fenómenos más diversos. Desde sus experiencias sensoriales más básicas hasta sus creaciones culturales más complejas, el ser humano se ha transformado en un «sujeto cerebral». ¿Cuál es el alcance de esta supuesta revolución que anuncia un «nuevo humanismo» y transformaciones radicales en nuestras maneras de abordar la moral, la educación o la justicia? El presente artículo explora esta pregunta centrándose en el giro neurocientífico dentro de las ciencias sociales y las humanidades.